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In our study, we defined GSH as a critical wound signal to trigger long-distance [Ca 2+ ] cyt transmission for activation of JA biosynthesis in distal organs, thereby inducing plant systemic defense response (Figs

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Without adequate phosphatidylcholine, fat and cholesterol accumulate in the liver (see Deficiency)

For example, ER stress activates DNA damage inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3, also known as CHOP)- and mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8, also known as JNK)-dependent apoptosis pathways, whereas heat shock protein family A member 5 (HSPA5, also known as BIP) SSG at Cys420/441 modulates ATPase activity and protein folding, paradoxically suppressing apoptosis 49