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Several factors are thought to play a role in this observation that smoking reduction and cessation confers a decreased risk of lung cancer in patients with COPD

The analysis controlled for the effects of gender, age, education level, household income, living arrangement (living alone or not), binge drinking frequency, physical activity, muscle-strengthening exercises, BMI, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, to isolate the direct effect of smoking type on serum lipid concentrations

Among those who kicked the habit, deaths in the 10 years following smoking cessation dropped from 177 per 10,000 (among current smokers) to 90 per 10,000 (among those who quit)

BENAR was the comparative. See BONE