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"Hookah smoking: Is it safer than cigarettes?"

Virginia Cooperative Extension is a partnership of Virginia Tech, Virginia State University, the U.S

Of all the included studies, only seven evaluated the effects of electronic cigarettes in a healthy non-tobacco smoking population, these studies revealed significant effects, including increases in heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and oxidative stress, as well as respiratory system changes such as alterations in the transcriptomes of the respiratory epithelium and alveolar macrophages, and a sudden increase in airflow resistance suggesting airway obstruction

Furthermore, vitamin C is essential for immune system function, promotes resistance to infection, protects lung function, and enhances iron absorption from non-haeme food sources that are found primarily in fruits, vegetables, dried beans, nuts and grain products