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One study examining the effects of sex steroid neonatal exposure to sex steroid hormones showed that a single injection of testosterone in 1-day-old female rat pups showed an intermediate non-significant effect on morphine-induced dopamine release, whereas estradiol significantly enhanced dopamine release (Bonansco et al., 2/3 Rs and sex steroid hormones, especially testosterone, which is critically understudied in women

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Functional characteristics of CRH receptors and potential clinical applications of CRH-receptor antagonists

Smoking initiation is most likely to occur during adolescence, and previous studies in human cohort and animal models have suggested that early nicotine exposure during adolescence could directly increase the risk of nicotine dependence in the future 8,9,10,11