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Hannah Cook, clinical research midwife at the trust, said: "We know that it can be a hard habit to break which is why investigating different approaches and methods is a valuable exercise." NRT, such as nicotine patches, used alongside behavioural support, has been shown to be effective in helping people to quit smoking, but there is less evidence of it being effective in pregnancy

In Qatar, where e-cigarettes, which serve as a source of nicotine, are banned, it is easy for people to fall back to traditional cigarettes

Retailers must obtain a license ($1,200 annually) and comply with strict age verification using electronic scanning

Risk was elevated even in quitters who didnt gain excessive weight during pregnancy, but greater weight gain and greater total body mass index both increased risks further still