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A measure of secondhand smoke exposure and active smoking is cotinine, nicotines primary metabolite (16)

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Using the values obtained in Table 4, the estimated contents (g/cigarette) of Al, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in mainstream smoke, after accounting for the pre-existing presence of these trace metals on the control MCE membranes and the percent recovery of cigarette smoke, are listed in Table 6

To identify the effects of ZER and ZER-LCN on senescence, an additional study that was conducted on the BCi-NS1.1 cell by the X-gal staining, immunofluorescence staining for p16 and p21 as well as measuring the senescence markers