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The cell wall is involved in adhesion, colonization, signal transduction and immune recognition, and plays an important role in the infection process because its dissolution leads to cell rupture and death

Aging and Disease , 9(12), 1769

Alternative and Complementary Therapies

Nerve growth factor (NGF), released by osteoblasts, endothelial cells, and infiltrating immune cells, plays a key role in promoting this ectopic innervation, establishing a direct link between structural bone changes and pain signaling ( via its receptor DCC, has been shown to drive the sprouting of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)+ nociceptive fibers in the subchondral bone, thereby contributing directly to pain hypersensitivity associated with OA (Zhu et al., 2019)