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Viral binding/attachment to human cell surface receptors (CSRs) The virulent outcome of a SARS-CoV-2 infection depends on (i) binding/interaction of viral S-protein with human cell surface receptors (CSR) and (ii) priming of S-protein by human cellular proteases 54,55
Our laboratory demonstrated that treating 20-day-old Caco-2 monolayers with 125 mM sodium butyrate effectively increases paracellular permeability without causing inflammation or cytotoxicity ( For oral drug delivery studies, medium-chain fatty acids, bile salts, bacterial toxins, surfactants and chelating agents have been investigated for their ability to enhance barrier permeability ( In Caco-2 (20 to 28 days old monolayers), SNAC primarily modulates the transcellular pathway, enhancing membrane fluidity but not targeting specifically tight junctions ( Bile salts such as cholate, taurocholate, chenodeoxycholate, usodexycholate and glycodeoxucholate have been used to enhance the permeability of hydrophilic markers and drugs in vitro ( ex-vivo ( in vivo ( in vitro in Caco-2 monolayers ( ex-vivo ( in vivo ( 14 C]-mannitol apparent permeability (Papp) by 3-fold and transiently decreased TEER by 2.5-fold, without reducing cell viability (MTS, CellTox Green assay, Caspase 3/7) ( Although the precise mechanism by which GDC modulates epithelial permeability is unknown, bile salts bind to TGR5 and FXR membrane receptors ( in vitro
Immunomodulatory effects of pharmaceutical opioids and antipyretic analgesics: mechanisms and relevance to infection
