coli: Escherichia coli ESKD: End-stage kidney disease GBD: Global Burden of disease GBM: Glomerulus basement membrane GFR: Glomerular filtration rate GGT: Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase GS: Glomerulosclerosis GSH: Glutathione GSH-Px: Glutathione peroxidase HBV: Hepatitis B virus HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus HO: Heme oxygenase-1 HRP: Horseradish peroxidase HSV: Herpes simplex virus ICAM-1: Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 IFN-: Interferon- IgA: Immunoglobulin A IKK: IB (inhibitor of NF-B) kinase IL-1: Interleukin-1 IL-2: Interleukin-2 IL-6: Interleukin-6 IRF: Irreversible renal failure LPO: Lipid peroxidation MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase MDA: Malondialdehyde NMSC: Non-melanoma skin cancer NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa B NO: Nitric oxide NPs: Natural products Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs NT: Nephrotoxicity OS: Oxidative stress PBPs: Penicillin-binding proteins PC: Polyphenolic compounds PMP: Per million population RBC: Red blood cell RBF: Renal blood flow RAS: Renal artery stenosis RIF: Renal interstitial fibrosis RNA: Ribonucleic acid ROS: Reactive oxygen species SAA: Serum alanine aminotransferase SCCs: Squamous cell carcinomas SERT: Serotonin transporter SOD: Superoxide dismutase TB: Total bilirubin TIF: Tubulointerstitial fibrosis TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4 TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor- TRAF6: Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 U: Urea UA: Uric acid References Hoste EAJ, Kellum JA, Selby NM, Zarbock A, Palevsky PM, Bagshaw SM, Goldstein SL, Cerd J, Chawla LS (2018) Global epidemiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury
Wu T, Hu E, Xu S, Chen M, Guo P, Dai Z, Feng T, Zhou L, Tang W, Zhan L, Fu X, Liu S, Bo X, Yu G
Available online at: 212 WangL.ZhuT.FengD.LiR.ZhangC
Typical usage involves subcutaneous injection of 200500 micrograms (g) daily for 46 weeks
