Monitoring for symptoms and consulting a healthcare provider is important, especially for older adults or those with liver, kidney, or GI issues
Two reviewers independently performed the literature search and selection according to the eligibility criteria
The Shoulder The deltoid muscle in the shoulder is another popular site for intramuscular B12 injections
6.2.2 Phase II clinical trials Based on positive Phase I results, researchers initiated the Phase II clinical trial named Airleaf (NCT05238675) in March 2022 ( Besides the Airleaf study, the research team also initiated two additional Phase II clinical trials, Clairafly (NCT05865886) and Clairleaf (NCT05846230) ( The Clairafly trial focuses on evaluating BI 1291583s safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics in adult patients with cystic fibrosis-related bronchiectasis ( The Clairleaf study represents a long-term safety and efficacy evaluation study specifically designed for bronchiectasis patients who previously participated in Airleaf or Clairafly trials ( 6.2.3 Future development plans Additionally, the Phase III randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial named AIRTIVITY (NCT06872892) is planned to commence in June 2025 ( 6.3 HSK31858 clinical studies 6.3.1 Study design and population HSK31858 has completed Phase II clinical studies (SAVE-BE) in Chinese bronchiectasis patients (Zhong et al., 2025)
